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Phosphogypsum is an acidic by-product from the phosphate fertilizer industry. Large quantities are produced world-wide and it is estimated that by the year 2000 up to 280 million tonnes will be produced annually. Although phosphogypsum is mainly calcium sulfate dihydrate, it contains elevated levels of impurities which originate primarily from ...
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In addition to radionuclides, phosphogypsum contains some trace contaminants which may pose health and environmental hazards, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, zinc, …
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The annual flow of REE from the fertilizer factories to the marine environment may reach 1523.67 t. The economic losses related to the discharge of phosphogypsum REE in the Gulf of Gabes (GG) was estimated at ~58 million US$ y-1. The potential hazards of discharged REE on the local environment and human health were also evaluated and discussed.
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This document describes the methods that must be used for certifying phosphogypsum for entry into commerce under Sections 61.204 or 61.206, as required by Section 61.207 of 40 CFR part 61, subpart R–National Emission Standards for Radon Emissions From Phosphogypsum Stacks.
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Subpart R limits certain radionuclides in phosphogypsum stacks. It requires owners and operator to monitor radon emissions from inactive (completed) stacks. ... Subpart R protects the public and the environment from the hazards of radioactive materials found in phosphogypsum. Phosphogypsum is a solid waste byproduct that results from processing ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG) wastes, including solid-state PG and liquid-state PG leachate, are industrial byproducts generated during the production of phosphoric acid. It is of great concern due to the large-scale product accumulation and environmental and geological hazards. Harmless treatment and green chemical resource utilization techniques emerge to be …
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Through a large number of studies [4], [13], [14], [15], many scholars generally believe that filling the goaf with phosphogypsum is an ideal solution to solve the hazards of phosphogypsum and achieve resource utilization, and it is also the development trend of future mining technology.
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of ...
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A variety of co-existing impurities in phosphogypsum limit its large-scale and high-value utilization. This paper summarizes the common contents of major impurity components (silicon and ...
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This is the first study on the behavior and industrial fluxes of rare earth elements (REE) in the coastal fertilizer plants of Gabes (south-eastern Tunisia), the economic losses related to their wastes, and their environmental and human health hazards. The concentrations of 16 REE were assessed in phosphate rock (PR), phosphogypsum (PG) and phosphogypsum …
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Phosphogypsum(PG) is a solid waste produced by wet-process phosphoric acid.However, the heavy metals and other pollutants contained in PG have not been controlled in the process of resource utilization, and there are potential risks to the ecological environment and human health.In this paper, the basic physical and chemical properties (XRD, XRF, FTIR,TGA …
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In this paper, the contents of impurities in typical phosphogypsum are reviewed, and the hazard characteristics of these impurities on the harmless comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum resources, the phase occurrence state of impurity elements in phosphogypsum, and existing impurity removal technologies are summarized. 2.
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The environmental hazards of its high concentration PG-L are far higher than those of chemical wastewater (Jia et al., 2021). Compared to PG, the treatment of PG leachate is …
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Side view of phosphogypsum stack. Phosphate production generates huge amounts of phosphogypsum wastes, nearly 48 million MTs in 1988 alone. Industry estimates that 5.2 tons of phosphogypsum is produced for every ton of phosphoric acid. Phosphogypsum has little market value and is transferred as a slurry to waste piles called phosphogypsum stacks.
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The concentrations of radioisotopes (238U, 234U, 235U, 210Po, 232Th, 40K, and 226Ra) in naturally occurring radionuclide materials were determined through gamma and alpha spectrometry. The average activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were matched with literature data from various countries. The radium equivalent value derived is 532.3 Bq kg−1, which exceeds …
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PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy metals and radionuclides, and there is therefore a concern regarding …
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A variety of co-existing impurities in phosphogypsum limit its large-scale and high-value utilization. This paper summarizes the common contents of major impurity components (silicon and phosphorus) and trace impurity components (fluorine, iron, aluminum, and carbon) in phosphogypsum and discusses the harm of impurity components to the comprehensive …
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Phosphogypsum contains some heavy metals and radioactive elements that could pose serious environmental risks. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that the exposure to these impurities does not ...
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Commonly, the hazard levels are evaluated by the parameters of gamma radiation hazard index, internal and external hazard index, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose in indoor and outdoor, and excess lifetime cancer risk. ... In this paper, a radiological characterization of phosphogypsum, phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers ...
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Gypsum and phosphogypsum are both forms of calcium sulfate, but they differ in their origins and chem... This vs. That Explore Comparisons. vs. ... phosphogypsum requires careful handling and disposal due to its potential environmental and health hazards. Copy This URL Comparison. Attribute Gypsum Phosphogypsum; Chemical Formula: CaSO4·2H2O ...
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Schemes of both chemical processes. 2.1. Procedure A 2.1.1. Synthesis. Lime putty was obtained by using the Cárdenas–Escudero method [], with some modifications to scale the generation of by-products.In the first stage, 300 g of PG was suspended in 500 mL of distilled H 2 O under magnetic stirring. To this suspension, 180 g of NaOH in a 9 M solution was slowly added to …
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the wet phosphoric acid process, with calcium sulfate as its primary component. Approximately 4.5–5.0 t of PG are generated per ton of phosphoric acid produced (Li & Gu, 2016).Globally, the cumulative stockpiles of PG have reached 6 billion t, with an annual increase of 200 million t (Ou et al., 2021).By the end of 2020, PG …
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Characteristics and the Calculation of the Hazard Class of Phosphogypsum Natalya Seraya 1, Vadim Litvinov 2, Gulzhan Daumova 3,*, Nursultan Zhusipov 4, Zhanat Idrisheva 3
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that is produced during the phosphoric acid production process. Annual global PG production ranges between 100 to 300 Mt, with only 15% of that utilized while the rest is usually placed on large dumps with potential serious human and environmental impacts.
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An environmental impact of the radiological hazard of phosphogypsum (industrial byproduct) was assessed by researchers (Narloch et al., 2019; Qamouche et al., 2020). Due to the higher ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG: CaSO4·2H2O) is a waste product (or by-product) from the production of phosphoric acid, the main component in the production of concentrated simple and complex fertilizers.
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This study investigates the possible use of phosphogypsum, a substantial byproduct of phosphate fertilizers, as a green building material. With an estimated yearly output of 5 million tons, phosphogypsum poses environmental hazards when discharged as a pollutant. However, inventive ways can offset its negative consequences by reusing waste in a variety of …
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The radiological evaluation of the phosphogypsum from series B and C indicates lowered values for radiation hazard indices, yet it remains unsuitable for direct use as a building material. Nonetheless, modifying the volume ratio between sulfuric acid and either nitric or hydrochloric acid has the potential to yield enhanced results.
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Phosphogypsum (PG) and titanium gypsum (TG), as a by-product (solid waste) in phosphate fertilizer and titanium dioxide industry, are causing serious environmental hazards. The resource/harmless application of PG and TG is the development trend in the future.
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PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy metals and radionuclides, and there is therefore a...
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Phosphogypsum is a solid waste byproduct from processing phosphate ore to make phosphoric acid that is later used in fertilizer. The phosphate ore and the resulting phosphogypsum contain radium, which decays to form radon gas. Both radium and radon are …
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Phosphogypsum deposits are usually associated with an important load of radionuclides and metals. The present study aims to evaluate and compare the hazard derived from the metals leaching with phosphogypsum deposits located in areas under US and European environmental regulations. Archived samples from Mulberry (USA) and field samples from ...
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Unveiling the organic nature of phosphogypsum : Insights into formation dynamics, pollution load, and contribution to marine pollution in the Southern Mediterranean Sea ... Natural radioactivity and radiation hazard assessment of industrial wastes from the coastal phosphate treatment plants of Gabes (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea) Mar ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a general industrial solid waste produced by the production of the wet-process phosphoric acid chemical enterprise. According to the chemical equation: (Cao et al., 2022) CaF(PO 4) 3 + 5 H 2 SO 4 →3 H 3 PO 4 + 5CaSO 4 ·2 H 2 O+HF, it could be inferred that each production of 1ton phosphoric acid will produce about 5 tons PG (Zhou et al., …
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Subpart R protects the public and the environment from the hazards of radioactive materials found in phosphogypsum. Some Guidance on Applying for Approval for Other Uses …
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Phosphogypsum stacks, byproducts of phosphate fertilizer production, have garnered attention due to their environmental and health implications. These mounds are …
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