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Experiments on the smelting reduction of chromite ore in a 1-kg middle frequency induction furnace showed that the reduction is controlled by the mass transfer of chromium oxide dissolved in the slag. The dissolution of chromite particles into the liquid slag has little effect on the reduction rate. A decrease in the initial slag basicity (CaO/SiO 2 ) from 1.5 to 1.0 decreases the reduction ...
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Keywords: PGM Smelting, UG-2 Concentrate, Chromite, Leaching 1. Introduction The South African (SA) platinum industry has advanced into an era of predominantly mining and processing the Upper ...
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This and the iron poor zone in the surface of the chromite particles indicates that iron oxide dissolves first from the surface of the chromite particles and transfers into the slag together with precipitated iron-rich metal particles formed by CO reduction or before the smelting reduction as in the case of prereduced pellets (Fig. 15, step 1 ...
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'Chromite concentrate is utilised in the smelting process to make ferrochrome and other alloys that require chromite as a component,' says Moti. 'Once removed from the upper soil layers …
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The mechanism of the solid state reduction of a Greek chromite concentrate by graphite in the temperature range 1100-1470°C is studied. ... Ferrochromium produced by smelting chromite ores is an ...
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of chromite in UG2 concentrate is, however, a major disadvantage due to the problems associated with smelting such a concentrate in conventional submerged arc furnaces. In addition to increasing the specification on the minimum PGM grade of concentrates, smelters have had to impose strict specifications on the levels of chromite in the concentrate.
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Mineralogy Chromite Chromite N/A Resource PGE Grade g/t 4E >4g/t >4.5g/t N/A Resource Ni Grade percent <0.1% <0.1% N/A ... (TC) – The charge paid by the miner to have its concentrate treated through smelting to produce saleable metal. This is typically quoted in US$ per ton of concentrate, and is theoretically a function of the cost of ...
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The smelting performance of the Cr-bearing sinter made from the 40% chromite and 60% magnetite mixture was assessed under simulated blast furnace smelting conditions.
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An estimation of smelting parameters for production of high-carbon ferrochrome is made. ... Fursenko, A.F., et al., Development and implementation of chromite concentrate briquetting technology at Donetsk Mining and Processing Plant, Prom. Kazakh., 2002, no. 2, pp. 84–89. Google Scholar
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chromite concentrate briquettes (72.5% reduction) with SiO. 2. in a graphite cruci ble at 1550°C for . ... Cr based metal phase formed during the smelting reduction process.
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the chromite in UG2 concentrates and high nickel concentrates from Merensky or the Platreef will quickly fill any locally available base metal refining capacity. Few if ... Faced with limited capacity for concentrate smelting and base metal refining within the local platinum industry,
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Because of the greater energy required to reduce silica to silicon, the smelting of ferrochrome silicon consumes 7,600 kilowatt-hours per ton of product. Low-carbon ferrochromium. When chromite and lime are melted in an open electric …
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The prereduction and smelting characteristics of UG-2 ore were studied and compared with those of Winterveld chromite ore. The UG-2 ore proved more reducible, and substantial prereduction …
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Experimental smelting of three batches of prereduced chromite raw materials with different degrees of metallization of chromium was conducted in the 0.2 MVA ore-smelting furnace of the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named after Zh. Abishev (Karaganda). To assess the performance indicators of the remelting of prereduced chromite raw materials in industrial …
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chromite), whereas UG2 concentrates have low sulphide and base-metal contents and higher chromite content. Smelting of UG2 concentrate requires blending with Merensky or Platreef, and, as the proportion of UG2 increases, higher temperatures and power densities are required to keep the chromite in solution in the slag.
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The smelting performance of the Cr-bearing sinter made from the 40% chromite and 60% magnetite mixture was assessed under simulated blast furnace smelting conditions. It is …
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Ferrochromium produced by smelting chromite ores is an important alloying component in the steel industry. Ore, coke and fluxes are mixed and reacted in an arc furnace for a smelting process of ferrochromium. In addition to this process, pre-reduction of chromite ore with carbon is an important industrial process. In all these processes, the mechanism and …
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As an alternative process, the production of stainless steel master alloys in blast furnace (BF) exhibits high economic efficiency and great potential to use low-grade chromite resources. To produce desirable sinter products required by the blast furnace smelting process, sintering tests of ore mixtures made from a low grade South African chromite concentrate (Cr 2 …
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The smelting of chromite to produce ferrochrome (FeCr) and subsequently, stainless steel, is an energy-intensive carbothermic process. Various countries apply the Outotec FeCr process, which employs …
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Chromite rich concentrates require high slag temperatures as well as sufficient mixing to suspend the chromite spinel particles in the slag and prevent settling in a so-called ''mushy'' layer consisting of a three phase emulsion of slag, matte and chromite particles. ... The effect of specific concentrate smelting rate in kg concentrate ...
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The low chromium-to-iron ratio of chromite ores is an important issue in some chromite deposits. The value of the chromite ore is indeed dictated in the market by its iron, as well as its chromium content. In the present study, a chromite concentrate was reprocessed by gravity (spiral concentrator) and magnetic separation to enhance the chromium-to-iron ratio. …
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The oxidation of chromite pellets prior to smelting in a submerged arc furnace is key to ensuring that maximum benefit can be derived in the subsequent smelting step. Oxidized pellet feed material reduces operating costs by increasing energy and reductant efficiency, as well as increasing chrome recoveries. ... The three chromite concentrate ...
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The prereduction and smelting of chromite concentrate of low chromium-to-iron ratio by A. R. BARNES*, B.Se. (Hons.), M.Se. (Eng.), M.S.A.I.M.M., ... concentrate should generate some 240 kt of 42 per cent Cr2O3 chromite tailings with a chromium-to-iron ratio of 1,35. Potentially, this could be converted annually to
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Keywords Low-grade chromite Tabling WHIMS Smelting Ferrochrome 1 Introduction Chromium is one of the essential raw materials for the ... The materials obtained in the form of chromite concentrate, mid-product and tailing were collected, dewatered, dried, weighed and analyzed for Cr 2 O 3, Fe 2 3 and SiO 2 content by wet chemical method. A ...
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Most of these enrichment routes are stated to produce a marketable chromite-rich concentrate, but it generates more ultrafine tailings, which is again a waste for ... Effect of basicity on beneficiated chromite sand smelting process using submerged arc furnace. AIP Conf. Proc. (2018), Article 020009, 10.1063/1.5038291. 1964. View in Scopus ...
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Aim of this study was to develop cold bonded chromite pellets for smelting in submerged arc furnace (SAF) from chromite fines using suitable binder that induce less gangue into the pellets but cures quickly. ... High Grade Chromite Concentrate The phases present in the high grade chromite concentrate were chromite, goethite and clay minerals as ...
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temperature is due to the higher chromite content in concentrate, which increases the melting point of the slag. Smelting UG2-rich concentrate requires a higher power intensity, further increasing the energy consumption per ton of concentrate. The higher power intensity is necessary to prevent exsolution of chrome oxide spinels from the molten
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Chromite ore is mined, crushed and processed to produce chromite concentrate. To create ferrochrome, chromite concentrate is combined with a reductant (coke, coal, charcoal or ... During the high temperature smelting of chromite ore, some Cr-III is converted to toxic Cr-VI, contaminating the dust. Prior to smelting, steps employed in some
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Cracking a hard nut: an overview of Lonmin's operations directed at smelting of UG2-rich concentrate blends. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 111 (10), pp. 681-690. ... Geveci, A., Topkaya, Y. and Ayhan, E., (2002). Sulfuric acid leaching of Turkish chromite concentrate. Minerals Engineering, 15 (11), pp. 885 ...
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To produce desirable sinter products required by the blast furnace smelting process, sintering tests of ore mixtures made from a low grade South African chromite concentrate (Cr2O3/FeO = 1.99) and ...
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Also, during chromite concentrate beneficiation the milling step would be aimed only at liberating the chromite crystals from the gangue minerals. This is in contrast to the dry milling tests ... (VI). However, slag is by volume the largest waste product produced during chromite smelting (Beukes et al., 2010) and it therefore requires ...
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During chromite smelting, the Fe- and Cr-oxide constituencies of chromite are reduced to their metallic states, i.e., Fe 0 and Cr 0, which subsequently form the FeCr alloy. ... India, reject large quantities of low- and …
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Several smelting operations rely on various other chromite sources with varying Cr2O3 contents, Cr/Fe ratios, and gangue mineral content. Fluxing of South African chromite ore with colemanite by M.W. Erwee, I.J. Geldenhuys, M.B. Sitefane, and M. Masipa 03BF7AEA South African chromite ores are smelted using SiO2- and CaO-containing
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The chromite-related issues encountered in smelting do not pertain to the Kell Process, which is insensitive to the chromite content of the concentrates. Flotation concentrator operations are therefore not constrained by a chromite content limit on the final concentrate and can be operated to maximise PGM recovery.
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SYNOPSIS The prereduction and smelting characteristics of UG-2 ore were studied and compared with those of Winterveld chromite ore. The UG-2 ore proved more reducible, and substantial prereduction (over 70 per cent reduction after 30 minutes at 1250QC) was obtained. No difficulty was experienced in the production oh high-carbon ferrochromium alloy containing …
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Smelting of chromite concentrate is done in a submerged arc furnace and in most cases using pelletized feed. However, there are several variations on technologies mostly in the preparation of pelletized feed for smelting. The Steel belt sintering and Rotary kiln for pelletized feed preparation are discussed in detail in this section.
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